The Solid-State Battery Roadmap

The global solid-state battery market was valued at approximately $600 million in 2022, dominated by thin-film batteries for consumer electronics, IoT devices, and medical applications. EV-grade solid-state cells remained at laboratory and early pilot stage (TRL 4–5). Asia-Pacific accounted for over 50% of market share.
🌍 Global

Toyota announced progress on its sulphide-based solid-state battery, demonstrating 10–80% charging in 10 minutes and a claimed 620-mile range. The company committed $13.5 billion to EV battery development through 2030, with solid-state at the centre of its long-term strategy. Commercial deployment target: 2027–2028.
🇯🇵 Japan

QuantumScape's cumulative funding exceeded $2 billion, underpinned by a deep partnership with Volkswagen Group. The company focused on its proprietary ceramic separator technology targeting lithium-metal anodes. Initial commercial production target was set for 2024, later revised to 2025–2026 for B-sample delivery.
🇺🇸 United States

CATL revealed a major advance in lithium-metal battery (LMB) endurance, using a new lithium salt electrolyte to double cycle life while maintaining high energy density. The breakthrough highlighted how electrolyte innovation could unlock both LMB and solid-state performance potential.
🇨🇳 China

US-based Solid Power opened a pre-pilot production line for its sulphide-based all-solid-state battery cells. The company maintained partnerships with BMW and Ford to develop EV-specific cells. Sulphide SSBs can leverage industry-standard roll-to-roll manufacturing equipment — a critical advantage for future cost-competitive scaling.
🇺🇸 United States

Multiple leading players revised their solid-state commercialisation timelines. Toyota's original 2025 target shifted to 2027–2028. QuantumScape's 2024 commercial production goal moved to 2025–2026 for B-samples. The gap between laboratory demonstrations and manufacturing-scale production proved more challenging than anticipated.
🌍 Global

Taiwanese firm ProLogium established the world's first giga-scale solid-state battery manufacturing facility in Taoyuan, Taiwan. The facility began supplying automotive samples in 2024 using innovative continuous wet coating for solid electrolytes, achieving 2.6× greater production efficiency and doubled assembly speed versus earlier lines. Mass-scale production targeted from 2027.
🇹🇼 Taiwan

The Chinese government announced over $830 million in state funding to advance solid-state battery technology. Six major companies were selected: CATL, BYD, SAIC, Geely, FAW, and others. The initiative aimed to prevent a technology gap emerging with Japanese and Korean competitors and accelerate China's path to SSB industrialisation.
🇨🇳 China

Japanese electronics manufacturer TDK announced a breakthrough in solid-state battery material, developing a cell achieving 1,000 Wh/L volumetric energy density — approximately 100 times the performance of their existing battery products. The advancement targets miniature applications including smartwatches and wireless earbuds.
🇯🇵 Japan

Belgian research institute Imec demonstrated a lithium-metal solid-state battery with 1,070 Wh/L volumetric energy density — significantly higher than any conventional Li-ion cell. While laboratory-scale, it set a new benchmark for what solid-state architectures could ultimately deliver.
🇧🇪 Belgium

Samsung SDI completed its S-Line pilot production facility at its R&D centre in Suwon, South Korea. At InterBattery 2024, Samsung confirmed solid-state battery specifications of 500 Wh/kg and 900 Wh/L using proprietary solid electrolyte and anode-less technology. Mass production targeted for 2027, with 20-year lifespans by 2029.
🇰🇷 South Korea

QuantumScape began producing and shipping low-volume QSE-5 B-sample cells to automotive customers. Third-party testing verified 844 Wh/L volumetric density, 301 Wh/kg gravimetric density, and 10–80% fast charging in 12.2 minutes. The cells used QuantumScape's Raptor separator production process.
🇺🇸 United States

Toyota reportedly delayed plans for a dedicated solid-state battery manufacturing plant in Japan, though the company reaffirmed its 2027–2028 deployment target for initial vehicles. The delay reflected the persistent challenge of scaling sulphide-based manufacturing to automotive volumes while maintaining cell consistency and yield.
🇯🇵 Japan

QuantumScape announced that Cobra, its next-generation heat treatment equipment for ceramic separator production, had been delivered, installed, and released for initial processing — on schedule. Cobra processes separators 25× faster than earlier methods, enabling gigawatt-hour scale manufacturing. All four 2024 annual goals achieved.
🇺🇸 United States

US-based Factorial Energy unveiled its first A-sample 40 Ah Solstice all-solid-state battery cell, using a novel dry cathode coating process. The cells achieved up to 80% higher energy density than conventional Li-ion while eliminating hazardous solvents and energy-intensive processing steps. A scalable leap toward commercial EV application.
🇺🇸 United States

China established a formal government-backed consortium including CATL, BYD, SAIC, and Geely to accelerate solid-state battery development. The alliance pooled R&D resources to prevent fragmentation and ensure China remains competitive with Japanese and Korean SSB programmes.
🇨🇳 China

The IEA assessed solid-state battery technology readiness at TRL 6 — large pilot stage. While prototypes and manufacturing investments advanced from Samsung SDI, Toyota, NIO, Honda, QuantumScape, BASQUEVOLT, and Factorial, the IEA noted that SSB advantages still needed demonstration at pack scale under realistic conditions.
🌍 Global

Nissan began pilot production of solid-state battery cells at its Yokohama Plant in March 2025, a stepping stone toward commercial EV production targeted for FY 2028–29. Nissan partnered with LiCAP Technologies for electrode production process development.
🇯🇵 Japan

QuantumScape entered a strategic collaboration with Murata Manufacturing, a global ceramics expert. The partnership focused on mass-producing QuantumScape's proprietary ceramic separator — the critical component in its battery design. Murata's precision manufacturing expertise could significantly accelerate commercialisation.
🇺🇸 / 🇯🇵 US / Japan

US materials company Ampcera launched nano sulphide-based solid electrolytes and began global shipments to solid-state battery manufacturers. Sulphide electrolytes offer high ionic conductivity comparable to liquid electrolytes, making them the primary focus for automotive-grade SSB development.
🇺🇸 United States

Japanese oil giant Idemitsu Kosan announced a ¥21.3 billion investment to build a lithium sulphide production plant — a key raw material for sulphide-based solid-state batteries. Toyota confirmed as first customer. Backed by Japan's METI, targeting mass production 2027–2028. A critical supply chain milestone.
🇯🇵 Japan

China-backed Farasis Energy announced pilot production of sulphide-based solid-state batteries by end of 2025. Mercedes-Benz is a major investor. The move reflects China's accelerating push into sulphide SSB technology alongside its established dominance in conventional Li-ion.
🇨🇳 / 🇩🇪 China / Germany

SAIC announced the new MG4 as the first mass-produced EV to use a semi-solid-state battery, priced under $15,000. While semi-solid represents an intermediate step rather than full solid-state, it demonstrated that the technology is approaching volume production economics for mainstream vehicles.
🇨🇳 China

A prototype Mercedes-Benz EQS equipped with Factorial Energy's solid-state battery drove 749 miles from Germany to Sweden on a single charge, with 85 miles of range remaining. Stellantis announced plans to test Factorial's technology in a Dodge Charger Daytona EV fleet in 2026.
🇩🇪 Germany

QuantumScape and VW's PowerCo demonstrated solid-state batteries in a Ducati electric motorcycle at IAA Mobility. The cells charged 10–80% in 12 minutes. QuantumScape confirmed Falcon production line key equipment installation, marking a major step toward automotive-grade mass production.
🇩🇪 / 🇺🇸 Germany / US

Toyota signed an agreement with Sumitomo Metal Mining to produce cathode materials for its solid-state batteries, reconfirming the 2027–2028 production timeline. The deal addressed a critical supply chain gap — securing cathode materials at scale alongside Idemitsu's electrolyte supply.
🇯🇵 Japan

A 200 MW/800 MWh semi-solid-state battery energy storage power station was connected to the grid in Wuhai, Inner Mongolia, using Qingtao Energy's technology. With 12,000 cycle life, it represented China's first grid-scale semi-solid-state deployment — demonstrating the technology beyond automotive.
🇨🇳 China

Samsung SDI entered a tripartite agreement with Solid Power and BMW, establishing clear division of labour: Solid Power for sulphide electrolyte, Samsung SDI for cell manufacturing, BMW for vehicle integration. The alliance created a comprehensive industrialisation chain from materials to vehicles.
🇰🇷 / 🇺🇸 / 🇩🇪 South Korea / US / Germany

Industry analysts estimated global solid-state battery penetration at approximately 0.1% in 2025. Semi-solid-state battery shipments were growing, projected to reach 160 GWh by 2028 (SMM). All-solid-state shipments projected at 13.5 GWh by 2028. IDTechEx forecast 4% SSB penetration by 2030, potentially 10% by 2035.
🌍 Global

The global solid-state battery market reached approximately $1.6 billion in 2025, up from ~$1.1 billion in 2024. Market forecasts project growth to $12–27 billion by 2035 at 36–57% CAGR, depending on the pace of EV-grade SSB commercialisation. Consumer electronics and thin-film applications still dominate current revenues.
🌍 Global

GAC Group established an operational all-solid-state battery production line — the first in China. While volumes remain small (moving from 10-tonne to 100-tonne material scale), it positioned China alongside Japan and Korea in the industrialisation race.
🇨🇳 China

Stellantis announced plans to test Factorial Energy's solid-state battery technology in a fleet of Dodge Charger Daytona EVs. Fleet testing provides real-world validation data across varied conditions — a critical step between prototype demonstration and commercial deployment.
🇺🇸 United States

QuantumScape's QSE-5 solid-state cells are expected to enter field testing in vehicles during 2026, following B-sample delivery to automotive customers in 2025. The Falcon production line, with key equipment installed in 2025, targets higher-volume manufacturing to support validation programmes.
🇺🇸 United States

Toyota (sulphide, 1,000 km / 10-min charge), Samsung SDI (900 Wh/L, anode-less), and Nissan (FY 2028–29) all target initial solid-state EV production in the 2027–2028 window. Initial volumes will be limited to premium models. It will take several years post-launch for SSBs to become cost-competitive with conventional Li-ion.
🇯🇵 / 🇰🇷 Japan / South Korea